Molecular Genetic Studies.
Molecular genetic studies (PCR) are a highly accurate diagnostic method based on the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), which allows exponential amplification of specific DNA or RNA fragments in a biological sample. This method is used to detect infectious diseases, genetic mutations, hereditary disorders, and other conditions with high sensitivity and specificity.
Method principle:
- PCR enables amplification (increase) of small concentrations of nucleic acids (DNA or RNA) from blood, urine, saliva, sputum, biopsy material, and other samples.
- The analysis involves repeated doubling of target DNA fragments using the DNA polymerase enzyme and specific primers, allowing detection of even minimal amounts of pathogens or mutations.
- The method ensures high accuracy and speed of diagnostics, which is especially important in infectious diseases and genetic research.
Indications for testing:
- Diagnosis of infections caused by viruses, bacteria, fungi, and other microorganisms.
- Detection of hereditary genetic diseases and mutations.
- Identification of oncogenic mutations and genetic screening when malignant tumors are suspected.
- Monitoring therapy effectiveness and disease relapse control.
- Establishing paternity and other forensic investigations.
Advantages of the method:
- High sensitivity and specificity.
- Rapid results — from several hours to a few days.
- Ability to work with small amounts of material.
- Wide range of applications in medicine, biology, and forensics.
Preparation for the study:
- Depends on the type of biological material and the study purpose; usually requires adherence to sample collection and storage rules.
- It is recommended to consult a physician before providing the sample to receive specific instructions.
Thus, molecular genetic studies using PCR are a modern and indispensable tool for accurate diagnosis and monitoring of many diseases.