Immunological and Allergological Studies
Immunological studies are modern diagnostic methods based on the study of antigen-antibody interactions and assessment of the human immune system status. They help detect infections, immunodeficiencies, autoimmune diseases, and evaluate the immune response to various factors.
Main types of immunological studies
- Antibody detection — identification of specific antibodies in the blood produced in response to infections or allergens. This helps diagnose current or past infections and allergic reactions.
- Immunoglobulin analysis (IgA, IgM, IgG, IgE) — assessment of different immunoglobulin classes to detect immunodeficiencies, allergies, and chronic inflammatory processes.
- Cellular immunological methods — analysis of the quantity and functional activity of immune cells (T and B lymphocytes, macrophages), important for diagnosing immunodeficiencies and autoimmune diseases.
- Immunobiochemical methods — study of enzyme, hormone, and cytokine activity regulating immune processes.
- Immunological allergy tests — determination of allergic reactions to various substances using specific IgE analysis or skin tests.
Methods used
- Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) — widely used method based on antigen-antibody binding with enzyme labeling, allowing detection and quantification of immune components.
- Immunochemiluminescent assay (ICLA) — highly sensitive method based on light emission during antigen-antibody interaction.
- Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) — detects DNA or RNA of pathogens for precise infection diagnosis.
- Immunofluorescence methods — use fluorescent labels to detect antigens or antibodies under a microscope.
- Agglutination and immunochromatography reactions — rapid methods for detecting antigens or antibodies in biological fluids.
Indications for immunological and allergological studies
- Diagnosis of infectious and viral diseases.
- Identification of allergic reactions and allergens.
- Assessment of immune status in immunodeficiencies and autoimmune diseases.
- Monitoring treatment effectiveness and vaccination.
- Diagnosis of chronic inflammatory and oncological diseases.
Immunological and allergological studies are essential tools in modern medicine, providing detailed information about immune system status, identifying causes of allergies and infections, and helping select effective treatment. Modern methods ensure high accuracy and sensitivity, improving the quality of medical care.