General urinalysis includes the study of the chemical composition of urine, which helps detect the presence of various substances reflecting the patient’s health status and kidney function.
Protein
Normally, protein is absent or present in trace amounts in urine. Protein appearance may be due to physiological causes such as overheating, hypothermia, stress, or heavy physical exertion.
Pathological causes include urolithiasis, nephrosis, amyloidosis, glomerulonephritis, pyelonephritis, diabetes, arterial hypertension, heart failure, intoxications, and inflammatory diseases of the urinary and genital tracts.
Glucose
The presence of glucose in urine (glucosuria) indicates diabetes mellitus or other endocrine disorders.
Ketone Bodies
Ketone bodies (acetone) appear during carbohydrate and fat metabolism disorders, such as diabetes, starvation, or intense physical activity.
Bilirubin and Urobilinogen
The presence of bilirubin in urine indicates liver and biliary tract diseases, while urobilinogen indicates bilirubin metabolism disorders.
Hemoglobin
Normally, hemoglobin is absent in urine. Its detection (hemoglobinuria) requires further investigation, as it may indicate hemolytic processes.
Leukocyte Esterase
This enzyme is released by leukocytes during inflammatory processes and helps detect urinary tract infections.
Urine Reaction (pH)
The urine pH is an important chemical indicator reflecting the acid-base balance of the body. Normally, urine pH ranges from 4.5 to 8.0.
Changes in pH may indicate metabolic disorders, urinary tract infections, and other pathologies.
Thus, chemical urine analysis is an important diagnostic tool that helps identify diseases of the kidneys, liver, endocrine system, and inflammatory processes in the body.