Bacteria and Fungi
Microscopic examination of bacteria and fungi in urine allows detection of microorganisms that may cause infectious and inflammatory diseases of the urinary tract and kidneys. Normally, bacteria and fungi are absent in urine; their presence indicates possible infection or sample contamination.
During urine sediment microscopy, the quantity of bacteria is determined and expressed as the degree of bacteriuria. Values above 105 colony-forming units (CFU) per ml usually indicate an inflammatory process. Lower values (around 104 CFU/ml) are considered doubtful and require repeat testing. The presence of a monoculture (single microorganism species), more common in acute infections, or a mixed flora typical for chronic processes is also assessed.
For precise identification of bacteria and fungi species and their antibiotic sensitivity, a urine culture with antibiotic susceptibility testing is performed. Modern automated analyzers (e.g., MINDRAY EU 5600, UF4000) provide highly sensitive quantitative counts of bacteria and fungi as well as their differentiation.
It is important to consider that a large amount of squamous epithelial cells together with bacteria may indicate sample contamination due to improper urine collection. Reliable diagnosis requires comprehensive analysis of microscopy results, culture data, and the patient’s clinical picture.
Thus, microscopic examination of bacteria and fungi in urine is an important step in diagnosing urinary tract and kidney infections, enabling timely identification of pathogens and selection of effective treatment.