Ketone Bodies
Ketone bodies are products of fat metabolism formed in the liver during the breakdown of fat tissue. The main ketone bodies are acetone, acetoacetic acid, and beta-hydroxybutyric acid.
Normally, ketone bodies are absent or present in insignificant amounts in urine, which are not detected by standard laboratory methods. The presence of ketone bodies in urine is called ketonuria.
Ketonuria occurs with increased fat breakdown, which happens in the following conditions:
- Diabetes mellitus, especially with ketoacidosis;
- Prolonged fasting or strict diets;
- Dehydration;
- Severe intoxications with diarrhea and vomiting;
- Intense physical activity and severe stress;
- Early pregnancy toxicosis;
- Febrile conditions;
- Certain diseases such as thyrotoxicosis, brain injuries, etc.
Ketone bodies in urine are detected using laboratory tests, including test strips and chromatographic methods. Results are expressed in mmol/L or in qualitative degrees (+, ++, +++), reflecting ketone concentration.
The presence of ketonuria requires medical consultation, as it may indicate serious metabolic disturbances and requires treatment adjustment.
Preparation for the test includes abstaining from alcohol, fatty and spicy foods, and following hygiene rules when collecting urine.